Automatic topic detection seems unavoidable in social media analysis due to big text data which their users generate. Clustering-based methods are one of the most important and up-to-date categories in topic detection. The goal of this research is to have a wide study on this category. Therefore, this paper aims to study the main components of clustering-based-topic-detection, which are embedding methods, distance metrics, and clustering algorithms. Transfer learning and consequently pretrained language Models and word embeddings have been considered in recent years. Regarding the importance of embedding methods, the efficiency of five new embedding methods, from earlier to recent ones, are compared in this paper. To conduct our study, two commonly used distance metrics, in addition to five important clustering algorithms in the field of topic detection, are implemented by the authors. As COVID-19 has turned into a hot trending topic on social networks in recent years, a dataset including one-month tweets collected with COVID-19-related hashtags is used for this study. More than 7500 experiments are performed to determine tunable parameters. Then all combinations of embedding methods, distance metrics and clustering algorithms (50 combinations) are evaluated using Silhouette metric. Results show that T5 strongly outperforms other embedding methods, cosine distance is weakly better than other distance metrics, and DBSCAN is superior to other clustering algorithms.

Evaluating the cutting rate (CR) of stones is important in the cost estimation and the planning of the stone processing plants. This research used regression Models to estimate the stones’ CR based on their physico-mechanical characteristics. Stone processing factories in Mahallat City (Markazi province, Iran) were visited, and the CR of diamond circular saws was recorded on six different travertine stones. Next, the stone block samples were collected from the quarries for laboratory tests. Stones’ porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Schmidt hammer hardness (SH) were determined in the laboratory as their physico-mechanical characteristics. Correlation relationships of CR with physico-mechanical characteristics were evaluated using simple and multiple regression analyses, and estimator Models were developed. Results showed that multiple regression Models are more reliable than simple regression for estimating the stones’ CR. The validity of the developed multiple regression Models was verified with the published data of one researcher. The findings indicated that these Models are accurate enough for estimating the CR of stones. Consequently, the multiple regression Models provide practical advantages for estimating the CR and save time and cost during the planning and design of the stone processing factories.

This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of body weight traits in Markhoz goats, using B-spline random regression Models. The data used in this study included 19549 records collected during 29 years (1992-2021) in Markhoz goat Breeding Research Station, located in Sanandaj, Iran. The model used to analyze data included fixed effects (year of birth, sex, type of birth and age of dam) and random effects including direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic, permanent environmental and maternal permanent environmental assuming homogeneous and heterogeneous residual variance during the time. Akaike (BIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria were used to compare the Models and bspq.4.4.4.4 was selected as the best model. The direct heritability values for birth, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month weights were estimated to be 0.14, 0.16, 0.08, 0.28 and 0.26, respectively. Genetic correlation between body weights at birth and 3-month, birth and 6-month, birth and 9-month, birth and 12-month, 3-month and 6-month, 3-month and 9-month, 3-month and 12-month, 6-months and 9-month and 9-month and 12-month were 0.22, 0.38, 0.21, 0.56, -0.26, 0.30, 0.62, 0.86 and 0.77, respectively. The highest phenotypic correlation was between the weight of 9-month and 12-month (0.82) and the lowest correlation was between birth weight and 3-month and 6-month (0.12). The results showed that the 9-month weight is a good criterion for selection in Markhoz goats.

Fictionalism about scientific Models is a philosophical approach according to which many important questions about the nature and function of Models can be answered by taking Models as fiction, without any ontological commitments to Models. In this approach, fiction is a technical term denotes on a particular kind of imagination in which the participant due to the presence of prop is engaged in the pretence action: she takes some false statements as true and participates in the constructed fictional world. In this paper, after elaborating Walton's account of fiction and make-believe games and his aim to cover metaphors by the same mechanism of pretence, and by focusing on Camp's criticisms and her point to distinguish metaphorical imaginations from fictional ones, we will reach the conclusion that Walton's account is not appropriate to cover metaphors. Next, we will consider Frigg's use of Walton's account to analyse scientific Models. It will argued that Frigg's framework is inadequate to cover metaphorical Models, which in parallel with fictional ones play a crucial role in science.

Lactation length is different in individual cows, which is generally converted to a 305-day standard using curve fitting Models for genetic and management practices. Individual curves do not have a standard shape in all cases, and can deviate from the standard pattern according to factors such as individual differences, and type of fitted Models. These non-standard curves, called atypical, resulted from incorrect estimated parameters of the curves; which consist of: continuously increasing or decreasing and reversed standards. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of atypical curves in estimation of 305-day milk production, by fitting two nonlinear Models? Wood (empirical) and Pollott (biological), on 7659 and 6692 test-day milk yield of 977 and 776 first calving Iranian Simmental and Jersey cows, during 2007-2020, using R software. Different patterns obtained based on the combination of increasing (b) and decreasing (c) phase parameters of curves. The number of standard curves from the Pollott and Wood Models were 85.5% and 62.2% for Simmental, and 83.1% and 70.6% for Jersey cows, respectively. Only continuously increasing curves were observed in both breeds in Pollott model (14.8% and 16.9%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively); Whereas in Wood model, all 3 groups of atypical curves were observed, which the reversed standard was the most (22.3% and 16.5%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively). Based on the findings, at the time of standardizing the production of dairy cows (national evaluations), not only differences between breeds, but also special attention to the production of atypical curves, should be paid (to correct or discard them).

Progressive collapse studies generally assess the performance of the structure under gravity and blast loads, while earthquakes may also lead to the progressive collapse of a damaged structure. In this study, the progressive collapse response of concentrically braced dual systems with steel moment-resisting frames was assessed under seismic loads through pushover analysis using triangular and uniform lateral load patterns. Two different bracing types (X and inverted V braces) were considered, and their performances were compared under different lateral load patterns using the nonlinear static alternate path method recommended in the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) guideline. Eventually, the seismic progressive collapse resistance of Models was compared to their progressive collapse response under gravity loads. These studies showed that Models under the seismic progressive collapse loads satisfied UFC acceptance criteria and limited rehabilitation objective. The structures had better performance under seismic progressive collapse than Models under gravity loads because of more resistance, ductility, suitable load redistribution, and more structural elements that participated in load redistribution. Furthermore, despite studies on progressive collapse under gravity loads, the dual system with X braces showed better progressive collapse performance (more resistance, residual reserve strength ratio and ductility) under seismic loads than the model with inverted V braces.

A challenging problem in our society is modeling after religious Models, which has its own cons and pros. The basic problem here is time differences between religious Models and us. This paper claims that the problem can be solved by reviving religious Models. In reviving them, both we can follow their life-styles and consider time circumstances. This should be done in two steps: research and report. In the stage of research, we should have two points in mind. First, studying the practices of the Infallibles should be based on their lives not researching in vacuum. Second, it should be topic-based, not based on the individual Infallibles. In the stage of report, we should pay attention to a number of points. First, we should have and explanatory orientation in reporting and avoid mere authoritative moralization. In fact, we should try to clarify the role of each principle in real life. Second, we should have a practical approach, show real examples of the principles in today’s life, and avoid merely proposing the principles. Third, we should follow a systematic approach in presentation in which we should avoid presenting the principles unsystematically and present them according to the needs of daily life.